When he coauthored this study, James Ferencsik was an analyst at Valens Global, where his research focused on violent non-state actors and their state sponsors. He supported Valens Global’s work with the Department of Homeland Security to address violent extremism across the political spectrum. Prior to joining Valens, he worked for the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) Project. Mr. Ferencsik holds an M.A. in international security from Sciences Po Paris and a B.A. in political science from Duke University, where he was an Angier B. Duke Scholar.